Unf*ck Your Lactate Testing

0:00  Good afternoon or good evening or good morning, depending on where you are. Welcome to today's webinar about lactate testing, to put it in a nice way. Thanks for joining. Very exciting to see so many people signing up for today's session on how to improve your lactate testing. While we have more people dropping in, let me give you some housekeeping items, so to speak. So the webinar is scheduled to be approximately one hour, which is going to be 45 to 50 minutes ish for the presentation. And then we have time for Q&A, hopefully afterwards.

1:05  This webinar is recorded and the recording will be made available to you guys afterwards for a couple of days. So it's not going to be an evergreen, which we can save forever. But if you want to review a few things, you can do so afterwards. Furthermore, we have a handout from this webinar, not in terms of the slides, but in terms of some scientific references and other information that you might find useful from this webinar. You're going to receive this after this webinar via email. So there's nothing you need to do.

1:47  You left your email address with us when you registered. And so we will use this email address to send you the references and information that I'm going to highlight during this webinar. So that said, I think we are almost ready to start. I see a few more people dropping in here, which is great. So again, about 45 minutes presentation, maybe 50 minutes. And then it should be time for Q&A. Thanks, Eduardo, for the feedback. Anybody else can give me, before I start here, can anybody else give me some feedback?

2:33  How are we doing sound-wise? Eduardo is complaining or giving me an update that maybe the sound is not so great. It's okay. Okay, awesome. Okay, okay. Look, that's awesome feedback. Eduardo, sorry. It seems to be maybe on your end. Okay, super sound. Great. Thank you. Okay, that is a lot of feedback and also a good test that the chat box here is working. Okay, cool. So again, then I think I would like to start because it's three minutes after. And yeah, whoever is dropping in now, you know, I think it's going to be fine.

3:17  So with that, I also, I'm sure you can see my screen. If anybody cannot see my screen, then let me know. So let's start today's session on how to unfuck your lactate testing. I'm going to give you a quick rundown of the agenda again, so to speak, a reminder of what you have already seen on the landing page. So we are going to talk about blind spots and lactate testing. We are going to talk about body composition specifically and the error of the measurement device. And then we are going to spend, I would argue, the better time of the presentation of the webinar today on talking about testing protocols, which evaluation method you can use for different testing protocols and the pitfalls of that.

4:10  And then I'm going to shift the focus. I'm going to shift the focus a little bit more towards what we really can tell from a shift in lactate curve. So when the lactate curve of an incremental test goes, so to speak, left or right in a test retest scenario, and then going to disclose and also along the way going to talk a little bit more about what is also possible with lactate. Because hands down, the typical incremental test, so to speak, is based on science that is pretty much almost 50 years old by now, 49.

4:55  So, okay. So let's get straight into that. I'm going to start easy. There's a few easier things, which, you know, is not making the huge, huge differences maybe, but for some, depending on what level of performance you're working on, it might. Right. And that is body composition and error. So why body composition? That is a funny one, I would argue, because body composition is really overlooked, at least in my opinion, in lactate testing. What do I mean with that? Very likely, if you do lactate testing, you will also handle other metrics, for example, relative power in watts per kilogram.

5:35  So, which means you take a power output, and you basically divide it by the, you know, body weight of an athlete. And you do the same mathematical operation when you have a VO2 measurement. So VO2 max divided by body weight. And you can do that because you can easily measure the body weight. The ironic thing with lactate concentration is that we are doing the same mathematical operation, which basically means we divide one measurement by another measurement in terms of lactate. It's millimoles per liter. However, most people, no offense, normally don't ask for the liters.

6:22  So nobody knows or asking the question, wait a second, if you have two millimoles, three, four, five millimoles per liter, how many liters are there? And that is something I would like to address here very quick. So lactate dilutes in water. So lactate is produced, obviously, in the working muscle in exercise, what we are talking about here. Okay. So it dilutes in the exercise muscle, depending, you know, on the makeup of the muscle. It's approximately 80% made out of water. So it dilutes already there. But then lactate dilutes also in other liquids or other compartments of the body, right?

7:01  In sweat, you might be aware of that, in interstitial fluid, in blood, obviously, this is where most of us measure it likely. So lactate dilutes in that part of the body where you can find water. And that means, obviously, the more water you have, the more space there is for the lactate to dilute, which is what you should be able to see here in this graph. You can see on your left-hand side, this mannequin has a little bit bigger water space, right? For example, because there's less fat content in the body, less fat percentage.

7:34  So basically, the body composition changes this lactate dilution space. And you might say, okay, well, what does it actually mean? Or what does it do to me from a practical aspect? Okay. So let me give you an example and ask you to bear with me. It's going to get a little bit mathematically, but really very, very easy level. So let's assume we have an example athlete. And in our case, it might be a triathlete. Let's say this athlete is, for example, 70 kilograms. And let's assume we have a standard body composition, which is, you know, 15% fat, 40% muscle, 65% water, which is approximately, you know, the water and muscle that you would see with such a fat percentage.

8:21  And then in our example here, our athlete is doing a cycling exercise, for example, right? Like, for example, right now in springtime, you test a triathlete on the bike ergometer on the smart trainer. And you can assume that for such an athlete with such numbers, approximately 80 kilograms are involved in the cycling exercise. That means the set amount of water at 70 kilograms is 65% water content. The lactate dilution space. So the amount of the body which can take up lactate is approximately, according to the literature, 33 liters.

8:59  Okay. Just let's sit for a moment. Okay. Now we do exercise. We put the athlete on a bike ergometer and we basically, you know, apply a load and the muscles start producing lactate, for example, in a normal incremental test for five minutes. And let's assume that during this exercise, because of the load we apply, 200 watts, 300 watts, whatsoever, let's assume that one kilogram of muscle accumulates 1.5 millimoles of lactate per minute. Then you can do easy math and you can say, okay, five minutes of exercise multiplied by 1.5 millimoles per kilogram muscle multiplied by 18 kilograms of muscle.

9:39  This brings me to 132 millimoles of lactate. That might sound a little bit odd. Give me a second to explain. Now, if you dilute this 132 millimoles of lactate into the whole body, which is obviously what is happening, right? The lactate does stay only in the working muscle. Then you need to divide this 132 millimoles by 33 liters of water. And then you arrive at a number which you can measure with your lactate meter, which is in this case, 4.1 millimoles. So long story to derive, this is actually how you get those lactate concentrations that you measure in your device in this example, 4.1, right?

10:22  So the amount of lactate that is produced is obviously much, much more. And then it dilutes in several liters of body water. And this is how you get such a concentration. Now, let's assume this triathlete. Let's assume maybe this, what we're looking at here now, is from last year, November, so to speak. Now it's the mid of April. And the athlete maybe, you know, did spend some time in the gym during the winter time, did a lot of swimming exercise. And, you know, long story short, the athlete biked up in terms of added upper body muscle mass.

10:55  But the athlete did maybe not do a lot of cycling training. So let's assume that in terms of cycling performance, the cycling muscles, the performance, the metabolic makeup, VO2 max, and so on, of the cycling muscles did not really change. Now, but maybe because of diet and gym and swim training and so on, let's assume the athlete gained a little bit of upper muscle mass. And maybe you lost some body fat and so forth. And therefore, now, because of lower body fat percentage, a little bit bigger muscle mass and so on and so forth, now the dilution space is up by 3 liters, 36 liters.

11:38  Again, nothing changed in this example. Just to prove the point how body composition affects your lactate readings, let's assume we do the same exercise now and the muscles accumulate the same amount of lactate. Because, again, nothing really changed in this example in terms of the performance. So we get to the same mass here of 5 minutes, 18 kilograms of lactose producing 1.5 millimoles per minute, which, again, gives us obviously 132 millimoles of lactate. But now, those 132 millimoles of lactate dilute not in 33 liters, but in 36 liters, which means that the lactate concentrations that you measure is 3.7 millimoles, which means that your lactate curve would shift to the right, indicating, as we are going to talk about a little bit later here today, indicating an improved performance, what most people would interpret as improved performance.

12:36  Because you see a little bit later on, because you see a little bit later on. In fact, in this example, the performance of the lactate muscles, the metabolic makeup, did not change. The only thing that changed, so to speak, is the size of the bathtub, so the size of the dilution space. The same amount of lactate was produced for metabolic reasons, but it was just diluted in a different size of a bathtub, so to speak. So that's something to take into account, at least to recognize that.

13:08  Okay? And again, because the question came up here just real quick, you're going to get the literature I'm using here in this presentation afterwards by email and some other references. This is why it also matters. What I'm showing you here is an example from constant load tests, lactate concentrations in constant load tests. And what you see on the left-hand side is a lactate concentration, each line representing one subject in females. And on the right-hand side, you see lactate concentrations in the same study in males in the 30-minute constant load test.

13:48  And why did I bring this up? Because, matter of fact, and I'm looking forward to get corrected on that, but thus far, I did not find one single study that validates lactate incremental tests specifically in women and females. So let me put this straight. If you're doing, for example, a fixed 4-millimole threshold, which we're going to talk about later, and you do this in females, then you should be aware that such a concept is only validated, has been developed for males. And because females in general have a significant different body composition than men, different muscle mass, different water mass, different pet percentages,

14:33  you should not be surprised to see significantly different lactate levels. And that's something we are, from inside, take into account, and therefore, I would like to create awareness for that. Okay. So, very important thing. One thing that you maybe have overlooked, and therefore, I would recommend to look into that. If you're doing conventional lactate testing, if you're testing with inside, then this is already baked into the algorithm, so accounted for. Next topic. Next topic. Device measurement error. That's another thing that's often overlooked. What I mean with that, when you measure a, you know, a lactate concentration at a certain power output, we normally look only at the measurement.

15:23  So, just to make up a number, we measure 2 millimoles at 200 watts, or 3 millimoles at, I don't know, 4 meters per second running speed, whatever is your sport, right? But what is often overlooked is that there's an error in the measurement. There's an error in the power measurement, indicated here by the horizontal bars. So, the power at which you measured this lactate concentration might not be, whatever, 200 watts, but it might also be 195 or 205 or whatsoever, right? And the same, obviously, goes for the lactate.

15:59  If you measure two millimoles in an incremental test, for example, then it might also be 1.9 or 2.1. And depending on your device, it might also be 2.3 or 1.7, right? So, that is what I mean with device error. And it would be helpful, I feel, to take this into account. Let me give you an example. So, what I did here is I created a normal lactate profile test. And the gray curve, so to speak, is the lactate profile without a device measurement error. Okay. Okay. And then the green curve represents the lactate curve as it would look like if this lactate measurement device, the lactate pro 2, which I show here, okay, would err on the lower end on what is known as the arrow.

16:53  Let me explain what I mean with that. There are several validation studies which check the accuracy of different lactate meters, especially the handheld meters. I'm going to show you on the next slide, okay? And so, it gives a range. There's a mathematical function that describes the error in terms of how many millimoles the measurement is of as a function of the measured value. So, obviously, at one millimole, the error is smaller in total millimole speaking than it is at 10 or 50 millimoles, okay? So, this is what you see here.

17:25  So, what you see here in this graph is, so to speak, one and the same test data, but then not only the gray lactate curve, which is what you would have measured maybe, but also the green and the red one, which is the scientific proven error of this device, okay, based on the peer-reviewed literature. So, that means, for example, I used four millimoles. You can make the point, obviously, looking at eight or two millimoles, but just to give you an idea, at four millimoles, the power output, this assuming the error of the device airs to the lower end,

18:13  so the device measures a little bit too low within the normal error, means that at four millimoles in this case, the power output would be 135 watts. If the error would air on the high-end side of the device, what is in the normal error range, again, this is not outside the error range, so it's in the normal error range, the power output at four millimoles would be 247, which is 12 watts difference, which is arguably, you know, maybe already in the range where people would start to interpret such a data, right?

18:51  So, most people would say, oh, there's, you know, the curve shift 10 watts to the right. Well, it didn't. It's still within the error of measurement, right? And so, this is what I wanted to create awareness for. Now, what we did in the past month, we researched all the literature we could find for all devices, not only lactate, also metabolic hearts, power meters, GPS watches, so on and so forth, and looked for the error of function. So, a mathematical equation, which describes the error of these devices, okay?

19:30  And we created, so to speak, this database of that and implemented it in our application. And again, as I mentioned, you can rewatch the webinar for sure to review that, but we will also send these references to you. So, whatever device you're using, for example, if you use a Lactate Pro 2, for example, and you're interested in, oh, what is the error function of my device? And maybe it's a device which is better, for example, the Lactate Plus from Nova, which is more accurate, then you have the scientific references here, okay?

20:05  So, we are going to send this to you. What we did with that, why we did that, not because we were bored and wanted to read a little bit of literature, what we basically did, in order to solve this problem with the measurement error, when you are processing a Lactate test and insight, incremental test and insight, we are actually running for, let's say, five steps. So, per each step, it's 900. So, there's five steps, it's 4,500. We are running 4,500 different error scenarios. And then analyzing, we are able to analyze how accurate the results.

20:43  So, we are doing something like this. Let me explain real quick. This is the accuracy of the maximum lactate steady state. We do the same as VO2max, but let's stick here to maximum lactate steady state. So, you could argue anaerobic threshold if you wish, okay? And so, we plot the error of the speed or power measurement, depending on the running or cycling or swimming or rowing or whatsoever, on the x-axis. And we plot the error of the lactate measurement device on the y-axis. And then we can see, basically, what is the white line is telling you.

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22:27  So that is about the error. Now let's get to the methodology problems or recommendations in terms of especially step duration and sport type. I address that because the duration of a step and therefore, so to speak, the testing protocol is, I would argue, and we have looked at a lot of incremental tests here, actually asked people to send incremental tests. You know, it's actually, I think, one of the most overlooked, overlooked, you know, issues in lactate testing. So let me explain. So what we're going to talk about and what I would try to get common understanding on this is that during an increment, during a step, the lactate concentration is, well, in some cases could just be stable, right?

23:30  In some cases you might have a load or running speed or power putter which the running, the lactate concentration is not changing from rest. But it could be that the lactate concentration decreases during the, during a step, right? Which is what most of you have seen, especially in fitter athletes at a low intensity, the lactate concentration decreases. And of course, at some intensity, the lactate concentration will increase. And the kinetics, how it increase, you can see here, this is zoomed in, right? On the graph here, what would you see?

24:05  This is zoomed in, so to speak, in the calculations that we are doing. The dot here is a measured lactate. And the red line is the calculated lactate concentration within a step, in this case, in a 300-watt step. So you can see that the lactate concentration during this step, in this case, this was an eight-minute step, is increasing. And when you look at that, it should be relatively easy to understand if the step, if the increment would not be eight minutes, but it would be prolonged. The line would continue growing to 10 minutes or 12 minutes because the step duration is not eight minutes, but 10 or 12.

24:44  Then the lactate concentration would be higher. And on the other hand, if the step would not be eight minutes, but five minutes or three minutes, then the lactate concentration would be lower because obviously there's more time for the lactate to accumulate during this step. Okay? So this means, obviously, and I hope you know that, and if not, I'm happy to make you aware of that, is that it is now very important to understand that the longer the step duration, right, the bigger the effect, so to speak, on the lactate concentration, again, would be higher lactate concentration, but at the low intensities could also be a lower lactate concentration, right?

25:27  Here's an example. Here's an example. Lactate curves with five-minute step duration versus three-minute step duration. Same athlete, same body composition, same, let's say, zero error of device accuracy measurement error. All the same, just because the step duration was shorter, the, you know, the lactate curves shift to the right or to the left, depending on what you want to look at here. Okay? So that obviously comes with a problem, and the problem is that, therefore, most tests are not really comparable, right? If you work in a human performance lab, and you do whatever five-minute steps or eight-minute steps, and somebody walks in and walks into the door and has the test result with three-minute steps in his hand or her hand, then that's pretty difficult to compare, right?

26:23  Because you cannot easily, you know, just say, oh, yeah, if this would be whatever, a few minutes longer or shorter, then it would look like that. Okay? So the comparability of that is actually, you know, is actually a problem.

26:42  And here's one nice piece of literature, which I wanted to include, which talks about that, because we are going to talk about the different concepts, you know, the different concepts of how to interpret those lactate curves. Because there's different ones, you know, OPLAR or fixed for minimal, there's, you know, baseline plus 1.5, there's DMAX, modified DMAX, and so on and so forth, right? And all these methodologies that I'm going to show you have its right of existence, so to speak, right? But they are attached to a certain protocol.

27:23  They are attached to a certain sport type, to a certain step duration, step size, and so on and so forth, right? And therefore, and therefore, it is not, it is not good enough to just say, yeah, we are always just doing the same protocol, right? No, that's not good enough, because likely, well, let's put it this way. If the only thing you're looking for is to compare test-retest scenarios, a curve shifted left or right, yes, then that is good enough. But if you want to use a lactate curve, for example, to prescribe training zones, training intensity zones, then you should know that whatever threshold you try to decipher from the lactate curve is hopefully as accurate as possible, but actually gives you a good shot at what the real threshold intensity would be.

28:11  And the point I'm trying to make here is if you apply the wrong threshold concept to the non-fitting or wrong protocol, then you get, yeah, you can obviously calculate a D-max or a 4-millimole threshold or something, but if it's not fitted to the protocol, then what you present, what you give out to your clients, to your athletes, what you hand out as, so to speak, a threshold value is just not correct, okay? So, here's one example, and I'm going to give you a whole table, I just used two examples of a whole table which you're going to get, okay?

28:51  To compare, I would argue, the two most popular ways, two of the most popular ways how to interpret a lactate, an incremental test. So, top one is a classic, right? Four millimole, fixed four millimole threshold. Many people, when I say, oh, if you can use four millimole, they are like, you know, face palm and really, really think I'm joking. So, what you see is four millimole fixed lactate concentration as an estimate of maximum lactate steady state, as a maximum, yeah, as the anaerobic threshold. This is always using gold standard 30-minute constant load test, right?

29:34  Has an R-square value of 0.98 and a very small bias of just 0.12 meters per second in running. So, what this tells you is that, and this is from 1976, that the four millimole threshold is actually pretty damn accurate. This is what just, this is showing you. In this study, using 2.4 meters per second as a starting speed, this, an increment of 0.4 meters per second from one step to the other, this five-minute step duration and 30 seconds rest in between to take the large lactate. And what I didn't list here, 1% incline on, at this time, a Siemens treadmill, which was slightly cushioning to a little bit similar to what today would be a woodway.

30:25  Now, for this protocol, the four millimole threshold works very damn accurate if you want to have a grip on the MLSS value, on the maximum lactate steady state. However, if you apply the same four millimole concept to cycling and you start with 100 watts, you increment is 40 watts and you do a step duration of eight minutes, then it's totally off, right? R-square 0.71, which means like 30% of variability not explained, a big bias. And the same goes for DMAX methodology, right? You can use modified DMAX on a cycling test with 20 watts in three minutes and you get reasonable accuracy, right?

31:08  Very low, R-square 0.95 and 6 watts bias. But if you apply that to the same protocol as you apply your four millimole to, then it's actually not as good. It is just not as accurate, at least not in this population. And then we are going back to body composition and males and females. So again, you can get a whole table and the references where all this comes from. My point I'm trying to make here, you need to be aware of that. Because again, if it's not just, if you just always do the same protocol and compare left or right shift, which I'm going to address here in the next chapter.

31:46  If you really want to do the training zones and say, hey, this is the zone you should do your interval training it because this is your threshold zone. And then of course, and of course you need to know the threshold. You cannot just guess. And sorry, but 0.71, that's 30% variability. That's 30% off. That is, you know, I don't need a lactate test at all. I can just use 220 heart rate minus age.

32:12  Okay. And then it gets even more fuzzy. It gets even more fuzzy when you are doing protocols which do not use one of the published step size and step duration. For example, worst case scenario in terms of reproducibility or ability to apply, better to say, the ability to apply one of these scientific literatures is if you do, for example, a test in swimming or in this case here in running outdoors on the track. Which is a great, don't get me wrong, we love it, we do it a lot, we do it with elite triad leads and so on and so forth.

32:50  But it's very difficult if you want to apply a standard conventional threshold concept like D-Max or something. Because what you can see is, in this case, what you do is you keep the running distance or swimming distance or whatever you do constant. Or if you do it on the bike, you know, on a climb, then the climb distance is the same. And what happens, because the workload increases, the duration decreases. So now where are you with that, right? You're like, what do you do with that? Now you cannot even say, yeah, my step duration is five minutes, therefore I choose protocol one or this methodology or that methodology or my step duration is three minutes because it actually changes during the test.

33:36  That makes it very, very difficult. So in most of these cases, because you might do whatever, 1,600 meters or 1,200, it depends on how fit your athlete is. So bottom line is, yeah, you get a lactate curve, but being certain that the threshold concept that you apply is actually correct, leaving alone females and body composition, good luck with that.

34:03  Here's one thing, because I always get the feedback in the webinars, hey, I wanted to see more from extra use solution. I have a small video. I didn't want to go into the software. It takes too long. What I'm doing here, and apologies if it's maybe too small. I have two screens where we actually uploading a lactate test from the same athlete, same body composition, same everything. And on the right-hand side, you see a lactate test with five minute steps. On the left-hand side, you see a lactate test with three minute steps.

34:36  Okay. And what you're going to see is that we are able to create a fitting to lactate curve for both cases. And in both cases, independent of the step duration, we get, maybe it's a little bit difficult to see here, we get the same results in terms of the same, for example, threshold value of 230 watts. Independent of what the protocol is. I'm going to come back to that. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

35:21  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

36:52  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

38:23  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

39:54  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

41:25  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Yeah. You could argue maybe because of the dots on the far right here, top right and bottom left, maybe there is a little bit, there is maybe a little bit of a trend, but not good enough. So long story short, the notion that a right shift of the lactate profile curve is the clear sign for an improved aerobic fitness.

42:36  Well, I would say this argument doesn't really stand right. And we're going to disclose a little bit more in detail why that is. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

43:52  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

45:23  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

46:54  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

48:25  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

49:56  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

51:27  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

52:58  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

54:29  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

56:00  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

57:31  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

59:02  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

1:00:33  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

1:02:04  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

1:03:35  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

1:05:06  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

1:06:37  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

1:08:08  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

1:09:39  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

1:11:10  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

1:12:41  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

1:14:12  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

1:15:43  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

1:17:14  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.

1:18:45  Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Thanks for the feedback, Beth. That's great. No. So you just need body fat, Matt. And if you don't have that, this, if you don't have yet this scale, there's this one ! Bio impedance scale, which we, which we deployed also to several federations. That's also answering the next question here.

1:19:47  What is the body composite analyzer we can use if DEXA is not accessible? So we do have a meter analyzers on body composition analyzers. And there's one smart scale, one bio impedance scale, which over here in Europe costs 230 bucks on Amazon, which we have deployed to several Olympic federations. And they compared the data to like DEXA scan and BotPod. And it always comes back great. And that's what we would recommend. Again, it comes out from a scientific meter analyzers of accuracy of different methodologies. Michael, use inside without lactate testing.

1:20:26  Yes. In the PPD, you can do it with out lactate testing. Oh, now it's rapid fire here. Matt, I'm not sure. Matt, I'm not sure. I lost you here on the PPD. Maybe you can reach out to the help center for that.

1:20:49  God, guys, let me kind of read this fast. Can you see the difference of lactate production accumulation when putting it inside? Yes, you can. Dana, I don't have the link here with me to the Amazon one, but if you reach out, we can provide you with that. Ah, great question from Boak. If you do outside lactate testing on a mountain with three or six minutes protocol, how do you account for that? Again, you can do whatever you want. You just need to put in the duration of the effort and the rest period of the effort into the software.

1:21:29  And it will account for that. So it doesn't matter if your rest period was 30 seconds or 30 minutes. You can just put it in there and it will take into account it will work. You have validations on all kinds of testing protocols. And you don't even need the same on period. So you can have three minutes 30, four minutes 15, five minutes 37. I don't know what, and all mix it up.

1:21:55  Falk, yeah, new algorithm is already on live. You're testing with beta testers. Just some graphical glitches. Validation is done. Should be a question of weeks, but we can already send you the new Excel spreadsheet and you can test it out. So please reach out to support. Philip, beginners? No, not really. Not really any things for beginners versus not beginners. I would only argue for the beginners to use the lactate protocol. I think it's much easier. Yeah. So Romans, yes. This is exactly what I was thinking. That you see increased lactate concentrations, but the delta from one step to the other goes down.

1:22:51  This is because you might have seen that in one of my slides here already. If you go back here, you can see lactate production in the last step. You can see it's decreasing during the step. This is because of the drop in pH and therefore the inhibition of glycolysis. The algorithm takes all of that into account. So yes, we can model that. Guys, I'm very sorry, but I need to leave. There's so many great questions, but it's no fake. I really have to go for family reasons.

1:23:29  I need to pick up my daughter actually. So if there's any more questions, I really love those questions. Okay. For users, we do have the ask me anything sessions. We are going to announce the next one. Go there. Reach out to us via the help desk. And for everybody else who's not users, you can have our contact details at least in here in this QR code. And we're happy to hear from you and reach out. And I need to remember to contact Lucas here. Happy Eastern. Thanks again, everyone.

1:24:00  And looking forward to get in touch with you. Thank you. Bye-bye.